*This project has been created as part of the 42 curriculum by dgaillet.*

# ft_printf

## Description

`ft_printf` is a reimplementation of the libc `printf()` function, packaged as a
static library (`libftprintf.a`). The goal of the project is to learn how
variadic functions work in C (`va_start`, `va_arg`, `va_end`) and to build
code that is easy to extend with new conversions and flags.

```c
int	ft_printf(const char *format, ...);
```

It writes to standard output and returns the number of characters it printed.
It returns `-1` on a write error or an invalid format.

### Supported conversions (mandatory)

| Conversion | Output |
|---|---|
| `%c` | a single character |
| `%s` | a string (`(null)` for a `NULL` pointer) |
| `%p` | a pointer in hexadecimal, with a `0x` prefix (`(nil)` for `NULL`) |
| `%d` / `%i` | a signed decimal integer |
| `%u` | an unsigned decimal integer |
| `%x` / `%X` | an unsigned integer in lowercase / uppercase hexadecimal |
| `%%` | a literal `%` |

### Supported flags (bonus)

The same implementation handles both the mandatory conversions and the bonus
flags, so there is only one version of `ft_printf`.


- Minimum field width, for example `%10d`
- `-`: left-justify within the field
- `0`: pad numbers with zeros (ignored when `-` or a precision is given)
- `.`: precision (minimum digits for numbers, maximum characters for `%s`)
- `#`: `0x` / `0X` prefix for non-zero `%x` / `%X`
- `+`: always print a sign for signed numbers
- ` ` (space): print a space in front of positive signed numbers

Any combination of these flags behaves like glibc's `printf`.

## Instructions

### Compilation

```sh
make          # builds libftprintf.a (conversions and flags)
make bonus    # same as make: the bonus is built into the library
make clean    # removes object files
make fclean   # removes object files and libraries
make re       # fclean + all
```

The `Makefile` first builds `libft` with its own `Makefile`, then adds the
`ft_printf` objects to a copy of `libft.a`. This way, `libftprintf.a`
contains everything it needs.

### Usage

```c
#include "ft_printf.h"

int	main(void)
{
	int	len;

	len = ft_printf("Hello %s, you are %d years old (%#x)\n", "Bob", 42, 42);
	ft_printf("%d characters printed\n", len);
	return (0);
}
```

```sh
cc main.c -Iinclude -L. -lftprintf -o demo && ./demo
```

## Algorithm and data structures

### Main loop

Before printing anything, `ft_printf` checks the whole format string with
`ft_check_format`. If a `%` is not followed by a conversion (for example,
`"abc%"` or `"%5"`), it returns `-1` without writing anything, like glibc.
This is not buffering: once the format is valid, output is still written as
soon as it is ready, as the subject requires.

`ft_printf` then reads the format string one character at a time:

1. An ordinary character is written right away with `write`.
2. A `%` starts a conversion specifier. The specifier is parsed into a
   `t_arg` structure, printed by the matching `print_*` function, and then
   skipped in the format string.
3. Every printing function returns how many characters it wrote, and
   `ft_printf` adds them up.

### Data structure

Each conversion is described by a `t_arg` structure, which is allocated for
that conversion and freed once it has been printed:

```c
typedef struct s_arg
{
	char	arg;      /* conversion character: c s p d i u x X % */
	int		padding;  /* minimum field width */
	int		minus;    /* '-' flag: width for left justification */
	int		zero;     /* '0' flag: width to fill with zeros */
	int		dot;      /* precision */
	int		hash;     /* '#' flag */
	int		space;    /* ' ' flag */
	int		plus;     /* '+' flag */
}			t_arg;
```

Every field starts at `-1`, meaning "not set". This keeps "not given" (`-1`)
separate from "given as zero" (`0`), which matters for things like `%.0d`.
A plain conversion such as `%d` leaves every flag at `-1`, so the mandatory
conversions follow the same path with no special case.

### Processing a conversion

1. **Find the conversion** (`ft_main_arg`): skip flag, width and precision
   characters (`-0# +.` and digits). The first other character is the
   conversion.
2. **Parse** (`ft_parsing`): walk the specifier and fill in the `t_arg`.
   Each flag stores the number written right after it, the precision is read
   after the `.`, and the width is read backwards from the `.` or the
   conversion character. If `-` is present, `0` is ignored, as the C standard
   requires.
3. **Print** (`print_*`): `ft_print_arg_flags` fetches the argument with
   `va_arg` using the matching type. Each `print_*` function works out its own
   padding, in this order: leading spaces, then the sign or `0x` prefix, then
   zeros (from the `0` flag or the precision), then the digits. A trailing
   `-` field is padded with spaces at the end, in `ft_print_arg_flags`.
4. **Skip** (`ft_to_skip`): move the format index past the whole specifier.

### Printing numbers

Numbers are printed by the recursive functions `ft_putnbr_base` (for
`unsigned int`) and `ft_putnbr_base_ll` (for 64-bit pointers). They first
recurse on `nbr / base_size`, then write `base[nbr % base_size]`, so the digits
come out in the right order without a temporary buffer. The same functions
print decimal, lowercase hexadecimal and uppercase hexadecimal, just by
changing the base string. A negative `int` is turned into its absolute value
as an `unsigned int` before printing, so `INT_MIN` works without overflow.

### Error handling

On failure, every printing function returns a negative value (`-1` from
`write`, or a large negative sentinel from the helpers). After each step,
`ft_printf` checks whether the running total went down. If it did,
`ft_printf` stops and returns `-1`. A conversion that prints nothing, such as
`%s` with `""` or `%.0d` with `0`, adds 0 and is not an error.

### Why this design

This layout has one small parser and one function per conversion. Supporting a
new flag means adding a field to `t_arg`, a case in the parser and the related
padding logic, without changing the main loop.

## Resources

- [`printf(3)` man page](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/printf.3.html):
  how flags, width and precision behave
- [`stdarg(3)` man page](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/stdarg.3.html):
  variadic functions
- [cppreference: `printf`](https://en.cppreference.com/w/c/io/fprintf):
  the full conversion specification
- The C standard (ISO/IEC 9899), section 7.21.6.1, on the `fprintf` function
- The 42 Norm, for code style

### Use of AI

The implementation was written by hand. An AI assistant (Claude) was used at
the end of the project to:

- **Review the code against the subject and the real `printf`.** It wrote a
  test program that compares the output and return value of `ft_printf` with
  glibc's `printf` on many edge cases (empty strings, `NULL`, `INT_MIN`,
  zero precision, flag combinations, trailing `%`). It also ran the tests with
  AddressSanitizer and UBSan.
- **Fix the bugs it found, with minimal changes.** These were: empty output
  being treated as an error, field width being lost when combined with
  `#`/`+`/space, `0` not being ignored with `-`, the `#` prefix on zero, and
  signed overflow on `INT_MIN`.
- **Merge the mandatory and bonus implementations into a single version**, and
  check the format before printing so an incomplete `%` returns `-1` without
  any output.
- **Write this README.**

Every change was reviewed and understood before it was kept.